Half a century ago, the Dutch photographer Hubert van Es stepped out on his balcony and snapped this photo of the Pittman Apartments in Saigon, which housed the offices of USAID and the Central Intelligence Agency in South Vietnam. The westerner in a white shirt is a CIA employee, who is stuffing Vietnamese men, women, and children into a UH-2 Huey helicopter. Eighteen lucky souls will make it, jammed into in an aircraft whose normal load is eight, and fly off to comparative safety on an American ship in the South China Sea. One day later -- April 30, 1975 -- North Vietnamese tanks rolled into Saigon, and Vietnam's long struggle to evict its foreign occupiers came to an end.
Fifty years ago! I find it hard to believe. And it was actually 61 years ago that I set out to become a reporter in Vietnam. In March 1964 I'd sold my first novel to Doubleday for an advance of $2500 -- a bit more than $25,000 in current dollars -- which I spent on a Volkswagen Beetle and a round-trip ticket to Saigon. Oddly, the only other customer at Horizon Travel that afternoon was a woman who was also flying to Saigon. And when I exited the travel agency with my paper ticket, the Strand Theater down the street was showing A Yank in Viet-Nam. I paid my fifty cents and watched the matinee.
I was in-country from May into July. I loved it -- the land, the people, and the soldiers, whether American, ARVN (Army of the Republic of Vietnam), or Montagnard, as the French had called the Highland tribesmen. In the long run, the experience gave me three books: the novel Incident at Muc Wa which Burt Lancaster turned into a rather good flick called Go Tell the Spartans; The Only War We've Got, my journal of wandering Saigon and the countryside by foot, helicopter, plane, and junk; and Cowboy, about a young Montagnard whose short life personified the waste and gallantry of that long war.
In 1968, Richard Nixon campaigned on his "secret plan" to end the war. His first term was given over to mollifying Bejing and Moscow while he strengthened the ARVN, reduced the American role, and negotiated with the North Vietnamese even as he bombed Hanoi. The last American combat troops left Vietnam in March 1973, though thousands of civilians remained. The US promised the Saigon government that our money and air power would prevent an outright invasion form the North. Gerald Ford, who became president when Nixon resigned in August 1974, tried to honor that pledge but was denied by the Congressional Democratic majority. North Vietnamese tanks came across the 17th parallel on March 10, 1975, and the South Vietnamese Army basically melted away. Seven weeks later it was all over except for the recriminations, the "boat people," and the reeducation camps. It was, we believed, America's first defeat in war. We little thought that it would become habitual.